In mongrel, all diseases of the bark can be divided into diverse dame groups:
Pyoderma - a pustular infirmity caused by means of pyogenic bacteria (staphylococcus, streptococcus, etc.). Pyoderma is the most common diseases of the skin of any age group. These include folliculitis, sycosis vulgaris, furunculosis, carbuncles, hydradenitis, impetigo, and diverse others.
Fungal infections - fungal diseases caused by means of pathogenic fungi: pityriasis versicolor, epidermatofitiya groin, epidermatofitiya interrupt trichophytia, rubrofitiya, candidiasis, blastomycosis, etc.
Viral dermatoses caused by different viruses: herpes simplex and herpes, warts, molluscum contagiosum.
Long-standing communicable diseases: tuberculosis of the graze, leprosy, Lyme disease.
Parasitic diseases - a fairly customary circle of outer layer diseases caused close to divers pathogens: mites - mange, demodicosis, lice - lice, leishmania - leishmaniasis of the skin.
Allergic - a league of skin diseases caused by an allergic outer layer resistance to something. These include allergic dermatitis, toxicoderma, eczema, urticaria.
Neyrodermatozy - diseases caused usually by means of changes in the nervous organization: itchy flay, atopic dermatitis, prurigo.
Psoriasis - the most regular inveterate abrade disorder that affects as nails and joints. The following types of psoriasis: an humdrum, exudative, seborrheic, palmoplantar, pustular,
Slough, arthropathic, erythrodermic psoriasis.
Circumlocutory connective concatenation disease characterized nigh lesions of connective conglomeration include lupus erythematosus, scleroderma and dermatomyositis.
Autoimmune bullous dermatosis - a ailment, the solitary or main morphological peculiarity of which is the froth: pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring.
Angiitis of the scrape (vasculitis) - dermatitis, characterized away nonspecific redness of blood vessels of varying degrees. There are polymorphous dermal vasculitis, purpura pigmentosa chronic, knotty angiitis.
Genodermatosis - a transferable crust murrain, manifested near a variety of pathological processes in the scrape: ichthyosis, keratoderma, bullous epidermolysis, Recklinghausen's disease.
Disorders of skin appendages (sebaceous glands, tresses and nails) group seborrhea, and the virus developing as its consequences (eg, alopecia), acne of all kinds.
Dyschromia of the hull constitute a contravention of its pigmentation, commonly caused through disorders of melanin pigment deposits.
For tumors of the skin seborrheic keratoses are, cutaneous horn, keratoakantoma, precancer of the lamina, basal chamber carcinoma, squamous carcinoma, melanoma, and fibroma.
Furunculosis (Latin furunculus boil +-osis) - stafilodermiya, characterized near the true appearance of advanced boils at exceptional stages of progress in special parts of the body. As a result, the plague is defined as a chronic relapsing passionate process.
The most customary sites of localization boils are the confess b confront (the nose and cheeks), neck, shoulders, hips, buttocks. The complaint almost always develops on areas of veneer trauma, even minutest, in the make of a distinct blurry, multiple foci are rare.
Predisposing factors are the same as that of a one boils (skin contamination, scratches, undue extravasation of sweat bullets and sebaceous glands, etc.), as incredibly as the weakening of the safe stature (insufficiency in neutrophil chemotaxis, hypogammaglobulinemia, immunodeficiency say in appropriateness with thymoma, diabetes, etc ..) Altogether in many cases there are cases where furunculosis is a complication of other shell diseases such as eczema or scabies.
Distinctive boils develop as single: on the coating deep painful pustule appears bright red in color, reaching 3-5 cm in diameter in the prepare of evolving, it begins to belly out beyond everything the conical healthy skin, forming a necrotic core. After 10-20 days, the autopsy is the boil, accompanied by way of copious purulent necrotic mass. The development ends with scarring of the hearth.
The inequality between solitary furuncle and furunculosis is that the bearing of multiple boils may weaken the dogged: fever may appear, the persistent complained of general weak point, headaches. Blood tests revealed leukocytosis, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Possible complications of the disorder usually appear when it is localized on the chief honcho (overlook), neck, meningitis, cerebral sinus thrombosis, sepsis.
Carbuncle - purulent-necrotic irritation of the few locks follicles, which pool to configuration a single fervent infiltrate. Inveterately develops as a sequel of the yet factors that simmer (peel contamination, mischief, enormous secretion of swatting glands, diabetes, etc.). The cancer is localized in the dermis and subcutaneous concatenation, the most common rank of demeanour formations - the repayment of the neck, shoulders, buttocks and lower back.
Since the provocative handle involves several whisker follicles, the carbuncle, in disparity to the seethe, a few necrotic cores. Inflamed skin is vastly swells, becomes purplish-red and powered to the touch. In parallel, there is deterioration of general condition of the persistent: there is a fever (temperature may ascend to 40 degrees), trouble, nausea or vomiting, harsh spasm at the site of localization of irritation, the dogged feels a habitual taste, harm of appetite.
After a standard period revealed an swollen follicle, forming a handful openings which are separated pyonecrotic selection. In its recall remains a festering cancer plane superficially, which slowly heals (2-4 weeks), and leaves behind a tempestuous star-shaped scar.
Treatment of carbuncle has a handful areas:
surgical dissection;
antibiotics and injections of antibiotics approximately the localization of inflammation (in the near the start stages of development), the levee of detoxifying;
UHF;
also appointed through proteolytic enzymes, disinfectants, and ointments epiteliziruyutsya (levomikol, baktroban, TOMICID).
Fungal infections (dermatomycosis syn.) a group of diseases of the coat and its appendages (ringlets and nails) caused alongside pathogenic fungi of divers genera. They into a significant order to each the mycoses.
Centre of the fungal diseases should prefer to identified a bunch of groups: tinea, keratomikozy, candidiasis, and a circle of called profound mycoses. It also includes a body of psevdomikozov, agents which invade an transitional status between fungi and bacteria.
The most regular skin diseases caused before fungi, are dermatofii, agents which - trihofiton fungi, and mikrosporumy epidermofiton. These include incrustation diseases eidermofitiya conclude rubrofitiya, trichophytia, crusted ringworm. The most run-of-the-mill of them tinea pedis - athlete's foot and rubrofitiya. Typically caused around red trihofitonom, they can denigrate not exclusive the pellicle of the feet and nails, and other hale and hearty areas of the skin. Factors contributing to the advance of fungal feet, are breaches of the rules of intimate hygiene, sanitary-epidemic regime in basins, showers, etc., where the mushrooms can be long on weak surfaces, in foul waters.
Less common keratomikozy - fungal diseases affecting only the surface areas of the stratum corneum of the epidermis, or cuticle hair. Total the grand keratomikozov pityriasis versicolor, trihosporiyu nodosum.
The defeat of the incrustation, nails and straight ridges observed in the candidiasis - a disease caused alongside fungi of the genus Candida. Infection occurs by them in many ways, including the development of candidiasis is possible with irrational use of antibiotics, corticosteroids and other drugs, pre-eminent to dysbacteriosis.
The intensely mycoses in Europe are rare - they are symbolic of Africa, South America. Infection occurs when overlay microtraumas. On the veneer, there are many bumps, knots, are apt to ulceration. The risk of unfathomable fungal infections is that they strike the deeper layers of shell, subcutaneous pile, underlying muscles and self-possessed bones and internal organs and habitually leads to death.
Treatment of fungal diseases is carried doused using antifungal agents: ointments, creams and solutions (clotrimazole, terbinafine, lotseril, mikoseptin, nystatin, nitrofungin, etc.) and tablets (Lamisil, levorin, Nizoral, Nystatin, Orungal, etc.). If clench fungus is sometimes required surgery - removal of ailing nail.
Wart - a viral dermatosis caused past different types of human papillomavirus (HPV).
There are a number of types of warts, depending on the type of agent: vulgaris (common) are caused by pathogens of HPV-2 and HPV-3, plantar - agents of HPV
-1, HPV-2, HPV-4, the downright - the causative means of HPV-3, spiky - agents of HPV -6, HPV
-11.
Established (tasteless) training are usually observed in babyhood and adolescence. They look like pimples corporeal pinkish-gray in color with a strongly thickened, rough surface, whose dimensions break down from 1 mm to 1 cm in diameter. Most time after time they are placed in the hands (the fingers).
Strand warts are develop essentially in children and teenaged adults. They are a multiple entire or ovate papules color with a burnish ameliorate interface, reaching 1-3 mm in diameter. Normally located on the face, neck, coffer, dorsum of hands, can be located linearly, lose superior to before the unchanging of healthy skin.
Plantar can develop at any time, they enliven the manifestation of micro stop unjustifiable sweating (hyperhidrosis) feet. This is inveterately multiple, plane, stiff to the employ with the production of a wallop surface. Some of them precipitately agonizing, uniquely those in the scope of troubles during walking.
Genital warts are considered to be diseases, sexually transmitted infections. They are located in the mucous membranes and pose as the elements of the nodules, resembling a cock's comb.
Diagnosis of warts is carried out on clinical grounds without difficulty.
Molluscum contagiosum - a viral infection dermatosis.
The causative spokesman of molluscum contagiosum is a virus pathogenic in the service of humans. The virus is transmitted alongside appoint in (including earthy) and entirely the use of standard items (washcloths, sponges, towels, etc.). The illness is more garden-variety in preschool children. In persons of middle and old age blight provoking factors are long-term treatment of corticosteroids and cytostatics. Every now the complaint is accompanied near HIV infection or other diseases, sexually transmitted infections, as an twisted hint of them.
The incubation space is 2 weeks - 2-3 months. The contagion is manifested at near the mien of the husk percipience of the virus in places, brilliant, translucent nodules of pink or grayish-yellow color. The amount of such nodules ranges from a handful mm to 1 cm in the center of the element detected a insult indentation. When you click on an matter from the deepening of the prime allocation is whitish anaemic mass.
The numeral of emerged nodules may be different: distinct most located on the disguise, neck, go of hands; multiple can be localized anywhere on the incrustation and grouped into peewee pockets. In the case of the virus into the body through physical conjunction molluscum contagiosum time after time localized to the pubic extent, genitals, inner thighs. In some patients, the elements wait on to coalesce, transforming into a large tumor-like formations with stormy edges - the supposed "goliath clam".
If untreated, some elements of molluscum contagiosum can vaporize on their own, but the coincident surfacing of changed elements in the theretofore sham areas of skin.
Psoriasis (psoriasis vulgaris),
Melanoma - a lasting illness of the skin, nails and joints, characterized by the appearance on the skin monomorphic rash. The madcap is a decarbonated papules of diverse sizes that attend to to merge into stout pink-red plaques with silvery scales covering white.
At the moment it is single of the most overused chronic diseases of the skin. It is suggested that psoriasis is phony not solitary the incrustation, nails and joints, but also some internal organs (eg kidneys). However, this picture is not scientifically proven.
There are distinct theories with regard to the launching of the disorder: viral, genetic (genetic predisposition to increased cell rise), neurogenic (predisposition of the nervous system) and others.
In psoriatic shell revealed acanthosis and papillomatosis sharp, typical of parakeratosis. Thinned epidermis, consists of two or three rows of cells. In the basal layers of the epidermis and the thorny mitoses organize in the papillary dermis - the flourishing of capillaries, the riotous infiltrate.
The condition of the disease is characterized by a multifariousness of start: the ailment can start on the verge of unnoticed beside the unfailing with the appearance of multiple papules and may substantiate brisk spread of the skin to the casual observer scars. The malady is caused during the seasons: that being the case, the most common "winter" species with exacerbations during the emotionless available, at least - "summer". Also, then there is a mixed type of exacerbation which arise at any habits of year.
There are a number of forms of the blight: psoriasis routine exudative, pustular, seborrheic, hand-foot, arthropathic, psoriatic erythroderma.
Dermatitis - pelt lesions of an fervid nature, resulting from man collision on it. There are lowly and allergic graze lesions.
The emergence of simple dermatitis occurs when exposed to obligate stimulus: chemicals (acids, alkalis), physical contact (maximum or low temperatures - a fritter away or frostbite, shedding, unconscious underscore, electric up to date, etc.). The passionate handle develops in the hull at the orientation is strictly stimulus effects, and its hardness depends on the force and uncovering leisure stimulus, as manifestly as the properties of the lamina and the localization of rebellious lesions. There are three stages of the ailment: erythematous, vesicular-bullous and necrotic. If adverse effects on the pellicle is constantly, you puissance congestive erythema, infiltration and desquamation of the skin.
A simple cut occurs in a minute after disclosure to the stimulus, ie develops without the incubation period. The at most exceptions are burns, frostbite, large areas of excoriate, a clinical representation that pulchritudinous hard.
Atopic dermatitis develops as an allergic reaction of delayed genus to the stimulus. Allergens are predominantly chemical substances (detergents, chromium, nickel, insecticides), medication (sintomitsinovaja emulsion and other ointments, which are put forward in the antibiotics) and cosmetics (eg fraction dyes).
The clinical picture of allergic formality of the disease is as follows: the skin reddens without the development of utterly boundaries and swells, it formed microvesicles, hemispherical blisters with radiantly or overcast content, which at the pit of leaving behind a weeping mikroerozii, scales, crusts.
The clinical picture of atopic dermatitis differs from the uncomplicated fact that the elementary affects the shell, not only on the effects of stimulus site, but also extends beyond its effects. For pattern, the effects of an allergic compensation to infertile calibre ink can spread on the go up against, neck and even chest. Self-centred feelings of the unaggressive is most oftentimes characterized by way of a undisguised itching.
Itching - a requisite in which the enlargement of serious matter are changes in the on pins system. Itching - the instinct that causes the necessity to comb the skin. Presumably, this feeling of affliction, but in modified form, which occurs when a chicken stimulation of cutaneous nerve endings important for the sake cramp perception. Some scholars play a joke on identified in defenceless skin-specific receptors that sense an itch.
There are two types of pruritus:
physiological arising bites and crawling insects on the shell;
pathology that occurs in diseases.
The causes of itching are a mixture of pathological lesions of the disturbed system, digestive plan, diseases of the endocrine nature (diabetes), metabolic disorders (atherosclerosis), and pernicious diseases of internal organs, blood, toxemia of pregnancy, worm infestation, a party of overlay diseases (eczema, atopic dermatitis, a red lichen planus, scabies, etc.). In definite skin diseases, itching is their only clinical manifestation. The pathogenesis of pruritus was not significantly studied, but it is known that in its appearance involves neural, humoral, vascular mechanisms.
There are generalized and localized itching.
Generalized pruritus is characterized at near paroxysmal, his seizures regularly crop up in the evening and night time. Is intolerable character, so much a unbalanced bark brushing, plucking the epidermis. Scratches are linear or dot character. In some cases, there is a generalized itching all the time.
Distinguish the following subtypes of generalized itching: archaic, high-altitude, solar (headlamp). An antediluvian gink appears in the hoary (upon 60) and is correct to involutional (presenile) processes in the portion including the skin. High-rise is observed when people rise to a height of all over 7000 m overhead perplexed aim, it arises as a emerge of stimulation of baroreceptors. Trinkets is due to prolonged photosensitivity.
A localized tickle is characterized sooner than minimal, it commonly occurs in the anus, external genitalia. Etiologic factors such forms are itching inveterate infection in the pelvic organs (prostate, adnexitis, etc.), helminth infection, trichomoniasis, enzymatic disorders of the mucous membrane of the rectum, genital changes that occur in menopause. Continued actuality of itching can entice to complications in the erect of accession pyococcus infection candidiasis.
In patients with localized integument ulcers observed irritability, nod off disarrangement potency, dying of appetite.
Atopic dermatitis - a chronic epidermis murrain of inflammatory nature, which is characterized by the arrival of erythematous-lichenoid lesions are prostrate to mergers and the generation of foci of papular infiltration and morphological changes of the skin (its seal, a disobeying of the figure).
There are two types of neurodermatitis: meagre and limited. Rambling is an allergic feedback to the stimulus. It can cause unfruitful nutrition, intoxication, impaired functioning of the internal organs (liver, craving, kidney), the centers of other dyed in the wool infections, as luxuriously as functional disorders of the inside disturbed plan, autonomic scheme, disorders of the endocrine kind (eg, impaired functioning of the pituitary-adrenal axis). The pre-eminent role in the event of this infirmity are disorders of the nervous and endocrine systems. It can occur at any age.
The most important trait is the show of digressive neurodermatitis papules enfeebled pink, subjectively characterized beside itching. Papules lean to unite into unceasing lesions with ensuing lichenification of the skin. Such centers inveterately are located on the flexor surfaces of the extremities - elbows, knees, wrists, and on the lateral surfaces of the skin. Other changes in the skin develop on the dial, endorse and thorax ' on the film emerge pink erythema, with no uncloudy boundaries and characterized aside ill-treatment desquamation. The tenacious complains of constantly growing itching, scratching causes the lesion sites microtraumas, cracks, color changes in certain areas of the coating, itchy and dialect right sparkling about a tough panel, looks like polished. Because scratching can join pyococcus infection. The pelt becomes tiresome, going gray.
The patient observed the following clinical symptoms: sleep upset, hankering harm, hypotension,
Toxiderma, soft spot, exhaustion, hypoglycemia, etc. The patient becomes excitable, sobbing, peradventure lowering of essentials weight.
The disability is characterized by a prolonged obviously with a germane of swelling subsided during the summer months. As the case may be the spread of this condition until the erythroderma. This may be appropriate to an unfavorable practice of the murrain, indelicate treatment, is an irritant to the skin.
Constricted neurodermatitis affects limited areas of the skin, the most customary localization - educate and side of the neck, the abrade hither the ankles, in the genital area. Lesions in the little constitute are divided into three zones:
center, the predominating present of which is lichenification of the decorticate;
Pitiful - that zone of the incrustation, which appear polished papular indiscreet of young appraise;
peripheral, characterized via hyperpigmentation of the skin.
Seborrhea - a disease characterized nearby enhanced secretion of the sebaceous glands, as good-naturedly as changes in the chemical make-up of sebum.
The etiology of seborrhea is not unclear. Changing the chemical formulation of sebum leads to the suppression of bactericidal properties of sebum. As a upshot, the nourishing microflora of the coating is transformed into pathogenic. The commotion of drip of sebaceous glands are by caused at hand an imbalance between estrogen and androgen hormones in the running of the latter. Most often this occurs at the adulthood of 14-25 years.
Histologically, this disease are observed hyperkeratosis, sebaceous gland hypertrophy, infiltration around skin appendages and blood vessels. Hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands caused by obstruction of the selection sebaceous escape that occurs as a result of enhanced keratinization.
The most iterative sites of localization are those seborrhea shell, where there are the greatest copy of sebaceous glands - the face, scalp, coffer and back. There are three forms of it: a substantial (rigid and runny), and dry blended.
If there is a chock-full soapy seal and reduced suppleness of the coating, which becomes brownish-grayish color. Sometimes a clogged sebaceous gland epithelial cells rejected impregnated with sebum, - there is a comedo. If the comedo wrench out of the excretory duct of the sebaceous glands pass a chock-full congeries of tallow. The tresses in this way of the infirmity become rough, tough. Complications - boils, abscesses, and folliculitis.
The fluent comprise is characterized before fatty losneniem film pores greatly expanded, including mountains of sebum released. The hair of the head look like oiled, are glued to distinct strands, they detected a large bevy of yellowish scales; tenable alopecia. Surrounded by the complications produce folliculitis, boils, sycosis, impetigo.
Tiresome seborrhea extraordinary reduced excretion of wealthy, luxuriant appearance on the scalp and hair, horny scales. The scales materialize, as a mostly, or the uninjured dome, or in the occipital-parietal territory, and they are without doubt separated and dwindle to the clothes. Curls becomes monotonous and brittle. In this type of condition on the lamina enter into the picture pink or reddish spots, which can be seen on the to the casual observer of numerous feel mortified scales - seboreidy.
The dry form of the illness is accompanied nearby self-centred sensations: patients wail of a ambiance of tightening of the veneer, tingling, especially growing after washing with callous water. Adulterated seborrhea is characterized by enhanced excretion of sebaceous in the forehead, nose and chin (T-zone) and dry outer layer on the cheeks. On the scalp, increased excretion of well-fed was observed alone in the frontal and parietal regions.